الخميس، 1 يناير 2015
Healthcare Economics
What Is Health Economics?
Health Economics is an applied field of study that allows for the systematic and rigorous examination of the problems faced in promoting health for all. By applying economic theories of consumer, producer and social choice, health economics aims to understand the behavior of individuals, health care providers, public and private organizations, and governments in decision-making.
health economics is used to promote health through the study of health care providers, hospitals and clinics, managed care and public health promotion activities. Health economists apply the theories of production, efficiency, disparities, competition, and regulation to better inform the public and private sector on the most efficient, or cost-effective, and equitable course of action. Such research can include the economic evaluation of new technologies, as well as the study of appropriate prices, anti-trust policy, optimal public and private investment, and strategic behavior.
Health economics can also be used to evaluate how certain social problems, such as market failure and inequitable allocation of resources, can impact on the health of a community or population. Health economics can then be used to directly inform government on the best course of action with regards to regulation, national health packages, defining health insurance packages and other national health programs.
HIDA SCAN
A cholescintigraphy scan, also known as: hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA), paraisopropyl iminodiacetic acid(PIPIDA),
or diisopropyl iminodiacetic
acid (DISIDA) scan is a
nuclear imaging procedure to evaluate the health and function of the gallbladder. A
radioactive tracer is injected through any accessible vein, then allowed to
circulate to the liver, where
it is excreted into the biliary system and stored by the gallbladder and biliary system.[1]
In the absence of disease, the
gallbladder is visualized within 1 hour of the injection of the radioactive
tracer. If the gallbladder is not visualized within 4 hours after the
injection, this indicates either cholecystitis or cystic
duct obstruction.
This investigation is usually conducted after an ultrasound examination of the
abdominal right upper quadrant for an individual presenting with pain. If the
non-invasive ultrasound examination fails to demonstrate gall stones (or other
obstruction to the gall bladder or biliary tree) in an attempt to establish a
cause of right upper quadrant pain, this cholescintigraphy scan can be
performed as a more sensitive and specific test. Cholescintigraphy scans are
not generally done first line due to their increased cost and invasiveness.
Cholescintigraphy for acute
cholecystitis has sensitivity of 97%, specificity of 94%.[2] Several investigators have found the
sensitivity being consistently higher than 90% though specificity has varied
from 73%- 99%, yet compared to ultrasonography, cholescintigraphy has proven
to be superior.[3] The scan is also important to differentiate
between neonatal hepatitis and biliary atresia, because an early surgical
intervention in form of Kasai portoenterostomy or hepatoportoenterostomy can save the life of the baby as the
chance of a successful operation after 3 months seriously decreases.[4]
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